September 6th to 10th
October 18-22
Dear students, for this weekly forum we will discuss about: HYPOTHESIS You must answer one or both questions with a response of at least 200 words and using at least one reference in APA style. A) Which is the importance of establishing a hypothesis? What elements do you consider can impact the creation of a particular hypothesis? B) Why it is important to know and use the measures of dispersion and central tendency in research? Particularly in your research, how can you use them? Remember that our deadline is Friday, October 22nd before 11:59 pm. :) PUT YOUR NAME AND LAST NAME IN YOUR ANSWER.
Roberta Soto Ibarreche 2°B
ResponderBorrarThe aspects that are important to consider before starting doing a research are: knowing the different types of research that exits, what does each one consist of and the purpose of each one.
If you want to do an exploratory research you need to take into account that the topic shouldn´t have a lot of information yet, because as it name say it, it is a subject that continues to be investigated. The exploratory research is recommended to use when the problem to investigate is not very clear and the information about the topic is limited.
If you want to do a descriptive research you need to make sure that the information that you want to search for is quantitative information, because descriptive research is based on numbers and statistics. The descriptive research refers to the method that describe the characteristics of the variables under study, it attempts to collect information and statistically analyze it.
If you want to do a casual research it´s because you want to know the cause-relationship between to variables. The casual research is a method used to determine the cause-effect relationship between to variables.
And if you want to do a correlations research it´s because you want to know the relationship between two or more variables using statistical analysis and you cannot control or manipulate any of the variables. The correlations direction can be either a positive correlations or a negative correlations.
Referencias
Bhasin, H. (30 de 07 de 2020). MARKETING91. Obtenido de https://www.marketing91.com/causal-research/
EUSTORY. (2016 de 04 de 26). EUSTORY. Obtenido de http://eustory.es/blog/2016/4/17/los-4-aspectos-a-tener-en-cuenta-para-disear-tu-investigacin
QuestionPro. (11 de 01 de 2006). Obtenido de https://www.questionpro.com/blog/exploratory-research/
VOXCO. (2010 de 09 de 17 ). Obtenido de https://www.voxco.com/blog/descriptive-research/
Ma. Fernanda Nava Sánchez
ResponderBorrarMost of the controversial experiments are where they gather human participants for the projects, this raises constant ethical concerns about the project's design and implementation. Ethics can be defined as a set of morals and principles. The moral and fair treatment of human (or other living beings) volunteers has been a source of worry in the case of contentious experimentation.
One of the most controversial and unethical experiments I found online was the CIA’s famous MKUltra project, this project was an attempt to conquer mind control. The program began in the 1950s and appeared to endure until 1966. MKUltra subjects were routinely coerced into taking drugs, particularly hallucinogens like LSD. Sleep and sensory deprivation, hypnosis, sexual abuse, and other forms of psychological torture were also used on the participants, with some of the tests proving fatal. The project's ostensible purpose was to combine chemical weapons research with efforts to develop mind-controlling pharmaceuticals to oppose the Soviets, but due to the controversy around it because of its unethical experimentation on human subjects the torture ended.
In my opinion, setting restrictions or boundaries for what and who will be included in a study should be a more common practice in all types of research, whether experimental or naturalistic. A researcher must establish boundaries that limit the investigation's scope to a specific group of people, phenomena, area, or set of conceptual dimensions. Studies must also be limited or bounded by the selection of specific data-gathering methodologies and ideas to be evaluated.
References:
Gross, T. (2019, September 9). The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief. npr. Retrieved September 9, 2021, from https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief
Smith, D. (2003, January 7). Five principles for research ethics. American Psychological Association. Retrieved September 9, 2021, from https://www.apa.org/monitor/jan03/principles
Sylvia Quintana Acosta 3E
ResponderBorrarOne of the main aspects that should be considered when starting to analyze which type of research to use, is to choose if the research will be quantitative, or qualitative, as it makes it easier to find which type of research suits the study the best.
Then we should consider and analyze each type of research:
Exploratory research: This is a qualitative type of research, that merely explores the research question, but does not provide a final answer. This type of research is used when there is limited information of the selected topic. It ends up providing a better understanding of the topic, which can be used in future research.
Descriptive research: This type of research can be used for both qualitative and quantitative research. This type focuses on studying the “what” and “why” of the research. It can also be called “an observational research method” as none of the variables are influenced during the research.
Causal research: This type of research is quantitative. The main focus of this type of research, is to find the causal relationship between two or more variables. This type of research has the capacity to determine whether one variable affects another variable.
Correlational research: This type of research is quantitative. This type of research is used to study the relationship between two variables with the help of statistical analysis; it is commonly used within the market research.
References:
Dudovsky, J. (n.d.). Business Research Methodology. Retrieved from: Exploratory Research: https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-design/exploratory-research/
Organization for Autism Research. (2020 March 09) Five Basic Types of Research Studies. Retrieved from: Organization for Autism Research: https://researchautism.org/five-basic-types-of-research-studies/
VOXCO. (n.d.). Descriptive Research. Retrieved from: VOXCO: https://www.voxco.com/blog/descriptive-research/
I believe all research could go as deep as it can, and even if there's other previous knowldegde, one should go for broke, and try to get more results. This means that the only aspect that might limit you is how much information you have, how accurate and reliable it is for the purpose of objectivity. This is specially hard to do with surveys, for one can never confirm the sincerity of the respondees.
ResponderBorrarAs to why an experiment would be controversial or banned I believe relates to the very same limitation I just mentioned: limit on information and its accuracy. There are ways to forcibly obtain information from people. A fresh body has much more functions than a diseased one for anatomical research, fear will make a person speak from the heart, violence and cruelty can force the truth out of an individual fairly easily. Another way an experiment could be banned on this day and age is if its procedures have high risks and/or results are seeking some sort of inhumane development. This was the case of project MKUltra, a behavioral modification investigation conducted by the CIA, where the experiments with chemical agents (drugs) themselves posed danger to individuals, and the results were seeking a possible brainwashing or induction mechanism to use if they ever deemed it necessary. (History Channel, 2017)
https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/history-of-mk-ultra
JUAN PABLO ROSADO AIZA, SORRY
BorrarBefore choosing the type of research that you are going to use (exploratory, descriptive, casual or corretional) it is necessary to consider some quite important aspects such as the review of the literature, the background that your research presents, the formulation of the objectives you have for your investigation and the investigation question you asked at the beginning of the investigation. After taking into account all these aspects, you can proceed to the type of investigation that suits you best.
ResponderBorrarThe experimentation will always be something very controversial because they use test subjects to obtain data and results, this becomes very controversial since in most cases it is not considered ethical to do all these experiments for all that they may suffer and hurting these subjects who are also living beings. A good example of these cases is the experimentation with animals that companies that are dedicated to cosmetics do. In my opinion, the only solution I can find is that they stop the experimentation with animals and make new products with the analyzes, data and results that they have obtained over the years with the experimentation on animals or even humans.
References
Elegir el método de investigación adecuado. (s. f.). Comunicar. Escuela de Autores. Recuperado 10 de septiembre de 2021, de https://www.revistacomunicar.com/wp/escuela-de-autores/elegir-el-metodo-de-investigacion-adecuado/
Betsi Flores 14 may 2016 09:11 AM Tiempo de lectura: 14 minutos. (2020, 14 febrero). Las dos caras de la experimentaciÃ3n animal. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/noticia/las-dos-caras-de-la-experimentacion-animal/
Joaquin Reyes Boehm 3B
ResponderBorrarA) What aspects do you consider are important to analyze before deciding if your Research will be exploratory, descriptive, casual or correlational?
Before knowing what type of research, you are going to do, you have to take into account some important factors such as reading the question of what you have to investigate well, knowing where you are going to investigate it, seeing the objective of the investigation, knowing the background of the investigation (know how it has been done before and what they have discovered). Now that you are done with all that, you can see what type of research is the best fit.
Exploratory: is when you try to gain familiarity with an existing phenomenon and acquire new insight into it to form a more precise problem.
Descriptive: is when the research aim is to identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories.
Casual: helps to identify the causes behind processes taking place in the system.
Correlational: investigate the extent to which differences in one characteristic or variable are related to differences in one or more other characteristics or variables.
References:
EUSTORY. (2016 de 04 de 26). EUSTORY. Obtenido de http://eustory.es/blog/2016/4/17/los-4-aspectos-a-tener-en-cuenta-para-disear-tu-investigacin
Marcela Navarrete González
ResponderBorrarB) Since the beginning of time, experiments have always been seen as something dangerous or unethical, mostly because it’s something new that most people don’t really understand. A lot of experiments are tested on living things like rabbits or mice making a big controversy on the cruelty free community, back in the day actual human beings were paid to participate on these unsafe experimental trials which lead to catastrophic consequences. Society sees the scientific world as something dangerous and unknow which makes them doubt about its efficiency and the percentage of trust worth the outcome has. An example of an experiment that was been banned is the Project MKUltra, from 1953 to 1973, the United States government conducted a series of unethical experiments meant to figure out the best ways to manipulate the mental states of citizens, and then to “develop chemical materials capable of employment in clandestine operations.” Each experiment involved subjecting unknowing Americans to things like mind-altering drugs, sensory deprivation, verbal and sexual abuse, extreme isolation, hypnosis, and other forms of torture. After 20 years, Project MKUltra was completely shut down by the congress. A researcher should set boundaries from the beginning, these limits the scope of the investigation to a specific group of individuals that gave 100% consent of what they will be going through. Limiting the number of parents of children with intellectual impairments who are selected for study participation is an example of setting a boundary by restricting the characteristics of the persons who will be studied.
20 Most Unethical Experiments in Psychology. (2021, 31 mayo). Online Psychology Degree Guide. https://www.onlinepsychologydegree.info/unethical-experiements-psychology/
Themes, U. (2017, 5 abril). 11. Setting the Boundaries of a Study. Nurse Key. https://nursekey.com/11-setting-the-boundaries-of-a-study/
Sofia Aguilera Mendez 2B1
ResponderBorrarFirst of all, when you start a working on research or investigation you need to identificate the type of design, this will totally make your work easier and efficient; some of them are:
Exploratory research, is defined as a research used to investigate a problem which is not clearly defined. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results.
Descriptive research refers to the methods that describe the characteristics of the variables under study. This methodology focuses on answering questions relating to “what” than the “why” of the research subject.
Causal research can be defined as a research method that is used to determine the cause and effect relationship between two variables.
Correlational research refers to a non-experimental research method which studies the relationship between two variables with the help of statistical analysis.
When you know the type of design that your investigation is, then you can start researching in your sources, it will work better and easier. For example “Use of the social network in young people” is a casual research , because we want to know what is the relation between the social network and the young people, why they are so obsessed with the social network.
D. (2020, 2 octubre). Types of Research - Explained with Examples. DiscoverPhDs. https://www.discoverphds.com/blog/types-of-research
Bhasin, H. (2020, 30 junio). Causal Research – Meaning, Explanation, Examples, Components. Marketing91. https://www.marketing91.com/causal-research/
Hannya Domínguez Villafuerte 3B2
ResponderBorrarIn this case, answering the first question, I feel that when we decide how to research them to inquire about a topic, we must always follow an order in this case, and based on this, our research follows only one path Whether it is exploratory research, descriptive research casual, etc., but I think we must first look at what our research resources and materials are to catalog the type of research that we are conducting. On the other hand, we can say that sometimes certain experiments are involved in controversy, because the topic or thing we are investigating is of great interest at the population level or someone in particular, for this reason sometimes the controversy can be caused by Our research . On the one hand, an example of a research that has been banned was that of the mutation of the human being, since supposedly certain researchers had proven that a sheep could be mutated at first, but what was really questioned was whether a The human being could be mutated, despite this there was a time when this research was censored so that it did not reach the hatred of society and caused intrigue and panic. And finally, I always say that there is no limit to this investigation unless something illegal is done in the process, but nevertheless, in my opinion, the investigation should never have a limit in order to generate new discoveries.
references (harford, 2020)
Bibliografía
harford. (2020). harford community. Obtenido de harford: https://harford.libguides.com/c.php?g=321391&p=2150439
Francisco Pérez Maldonado 2.A
ResponderBorrarI believe that experiments are always involved in controversies because some experiments are very dangerous and people always have different points of view such as people who protect plants or people who protect animals, that is why experiments are always involved in controversies is due to the different points of view of people, There are several experiments that have been banned over the years even also over the years there are many scientists who want many experiments to be approved only from 2006 to 2013 the Scientists presented 618 proposals for potentially restricted experiments, a very recent example of an experiment is the testing of cosmetics on animals was banned in favor of 103 senators who voted to ban this is because some animals were damaged and for some people They considered it animal abuse, I think it is just because, like us, animals feel have and have feelings and it is not fair that we do things to them against their will, I believe that an experiment should be prohibited when the integrity of a person is affected or damaged, also when that experiment can trigger something larger such as the creation of the nuclear bombs for that reason throughout the years some experiments were prohibited.
References:
Aftergood, S. (2015). Science Experiments Blocked Due to Safety Risks. Federation Of American Scientists. https://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/2015/10/restricted-experiments/
Michael Boyle
ResponderBorrarThe first thing I would take into account when deciding what kind of research I am going to do is the amount of information that I have access to. I thing this defines almost everything you can investigate about an specific topic.
I think the main reason why there are controversies related to experimentation is when they put the life of a living being at risk when doing the experiment. Although this sounds bad, I believe that when they test possible drugs with animals, or when they test a vaccine with volunteer patients and these experiments lead to the death of some living being, animal or human, there is nothing wrong with it. As long as the researchers took all the precautionary measures and the experiment was necessary to learn about a certain topic.
References:
Top 5 reasons to stop animal testing. (n.d.). PETA. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.peta.org/blog/top-five-reasons-stop-animal-testing/
Kalkhoff, W. (2014). Laboratory Experiments in the Social Sciences (second edition). ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124046818000054
Rachel Alejandra Puch Madrigal 3°B
ResponderBorrarFirst I would take into consideration the topic of my research, by looking for more data and studying even ore further, I would look for examples of investigations that are related to my topic or that are similar to it, the resources that are indispensable to achieve better results and the availability of these; meanwhile, I am doing all the analysis in my information I would always be considering the purpose of my research, in other words, what I am trying to achieve.
If I were in the process of choosing one of the four scopes of research I would like to make sure that I choose the best one of them, making sure that the one that I choose helps me develop the investigation I am doing and to fulfill its objectives.
In my opinion, scientific research has had many controversies throughout history, before it was because people or even the experts in a scientific topic couldn't believe in the new hypotheses that were introduced.
Nowadays different kinds of research have been banned from their studies, because of justified ethical reasons, a great example would be the case of the baby twins that were genetically modified before they were born to make them resistant to HIV, by the geneticist He Jiankui. This experiment was full of polemics, many criticized it as unethical, because of the little information we have today about modifying the DNA of a person and the horrible consequences this could bring to the babies at an early age or in their future.
With all of this said I understand the great importance of ethics and morals in research, because those two are the ones that remember us that all the decisions, we take have consequences either good or bad.
References:
Amramova, N. (2019, January 22). CNN health. Retrieved September 9, 2021, from Unethical experiments' painful contributions to today's medicine: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/09/health/unethical-experiments/index.html
Luis Enrique López Aguilar 3ro B
ResponderBorrarSome time ago I found an article that talked about What are the limits of Science? This left me something to reflect and really think about what is the limit. The article concludes that science is really as limitless as we want, because there will always be a door that has not been opened and inside there will be another, and our instinct will be open it and see what is there and is where limitations comes, when we want to do research. right there the article ends and they let you imagine the rest, This is where I analyze what the limitations of the research are, and I discovered that sometimes money is a problem because many people prefer not take risks using money in researchs that seems risky in the aspect of not having any certainty about the benefits that this will bring, Another very important thing is ethics, because there are many experiments where rules has an important place, because the conditions in wich a laboratory work are just not correct for a living being, that is why in laboratories there are already many regulations regarding experimentation with animals, because the integrity of people cannot be put at risk. Here in Mexico, experimentation with animals has been prohibited for dermatological products, in other more specific and important areas such as medicine, if you need to do experiments with humans, people request to be volunteers.
de Bogotá, C. D. C. (2018). México: Se prohibiÃ3 el uso de animales para pruebas de cosméticos. Cluster de Cosméticos, Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá. https://www.ccb.org.co/Clusters/Cluster-de-Cosmeticos/Noticias/2020/Marzo-2020/Mexico-Se-prohibio-el-uso-de-animales-para-pruebas-de-cosmeticos